Power supply devices can be divided into physical power supply and chemical power supply. A battery in the usual sense mainly refers to a chemical power source, that is, the use of active substances to store energy, and then use its chemical reaction to release electrical energy. According to the properties and usage methods of chemical power energy storage active substances, they can be divided into:
①Primary battery (primary battery): A battery whose active material can only be used once. Such as zinc manganese batteries, alkaline manganese batteries, silver zinc batteries, lithium manganese batteries, etc.
②Secondary battery (storage battery): A battery that can be continuously recycled after being charged. Such as lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries, etc.
③ Fuel cell: A battery in which the active material is continuously supplied to the electrodes from the outside.
Among them, the secondary battery is a chemical power source widely used in the world. It has the advantages of stable voltage, safety and reliability, low price, wide application range, abundant raw materials and high recycling rate. It is the largest output of all kinds of batteries in the world. , The most widely used kind of battery. There are many types of secondary batteries with different performances. According to the electrode materials, they can be divided into lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries.
Primary battery: It is used for small and portable electrical appliances, such as household appliances, cameras and other digital products. The general capacity is below 2Ah, which is easy to use and does not need to be charged. The battery can only be used once, and it is discarded after the power is consumed, and the cost of use is relatively high.
Nickel-cadmium batteries: high reliability, good cycle life, but high cost, mainly used in power tools, etc., due to the high toxicity of cadmium metal, causing serious harm to the environment and the health of production workers, this series of batteries has been basically banned.
Nickel-metal hydride battery: an environmentally friendly green product developed on the basis of nickel-cadmium battery, the basic characteristics are the same as that of nickel-cadmium battery. It is applied to electric tools, etc., and has been used in hybrid vehicles in recent years. The disadvantages are high cost and poor low temperature performance. If used outdoors in winter, the capacity will be greatly reduced, which limits the scope of application.
Ordinary lithium-ion battery: high single-cell voltage, high volume and weight specific energy, green and environmental protection, is a high-end product in secondary batteries. Widely used in mobile phones, digital products, notebook computers, model aircraft, etc. Its disadvantages are poor safety, easy to catch fire and easy to explode, only small batteries can be produced, but large-capacity batteries cannot be made, which are easy to catch fire and explode.
Lithium iron phosphate battery: Lithium battery with significant improvement in safety can produce large-capacity batteries for automobiles, energy storage, etc. It can replace lead-acid batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries in terms of function and performance, but the cost is higher than that of lead-acid batteries. The battery is much taller, comparable to NiMH batteries, and is currently only used in some high-end products, with a narrow application.
Fuel cell: It is considered to be the most advanced battery. The positive electrode is oxygen in the air, and the negative electrode uses hydrogen or other materials that can generate hydrogen. The main product in operation is water, which is pollution-free and has high conversion efficiency; but this technology is not yet available. Mature, it is not expected to be popularized and used within 15 years. In addition, the battery system is complex and can only be built into a large-scale power station, but cannot be miniaturized.
Lead-acid battery: the lowest cost, wide application temperature range, rechargeable use, stable voltage platform, is the most widely used secondary battery, such as automobile and other vehicle starting, communication, power system backup battery, solar energy, wind energy storage battery , Electric vehicle batteries. Small batteries for emergency lighting, field systems. Used batteries can be recycled and raw materials can be recycled. If used batteries are properly recycled and disposed of, they will not cause harm to the environment.
